For decades, many dog training methods have been based on the idea of dominance theory—the belief that dogs are constantly trying to assert dominance over their humans to establish a “pack leader” hierarchy. However, modern science has thoroughly debunked this outdated concept.
Dominance theory originated from flawed studies on captive wolves in the mid-20th century. Researchers observed aggressive behaviours among unrelated wolves in unnatural, confined settings and assumed this reflected natural pack dynamics. Later studies on wild wolves revealed a very different reality: wolf packs are typically cooperative family units, not rigid hierarchies ruled by an “alpha.”
Applying dominance theory to dogs is even more problematic. Dogs are not wolves—they’ve evolved alongside humans for thousands of years, developing their own unique social structures. Most problematic behaviours in dogs stem from fear, stress, or confusion, not a desire to dominate.
For example, a dog that pulls on the lead isn’t trying to “lead the pack”—they’re likely excited or overstimulated. A dog that growls when approached while eating isn’t asserting dominance—they’re guarding what they perceive as a valuable resource.
The persistence of dominance theory has led to harmful training practices that involve causing pain or fear in an attempt to make the dog view you as the ‘pack leader’. Examples of such techniques include alpha rolls, leash corrections, and intimidation-based methods. These techniques can damage the bond between you and your dog, increase fear and anxiety, and even lead to more aggression.
In contrast, positive reinforcement training focuses on rewarding desirable behaviours rather than punishing undesirable ones. This method encourages dogs to repeat good behaviour by associating it with rewards like treats, praise, or play. Scientific studies have consistently shown that positive reinforcement leads to better learning outcomes, increased confidence, and a stronger relationship between dogs and their owners. When dogs feel safe and motivated, they are more willing to engage in training and learn more effectively, making positive reinforcement not only humane but also highly effective.
As responsible dog owners and trainers, it is essential to move away from outdated dominance-based techniques and embrace science-backed, force-free training methods. Positive reinforcement not only helps dogs develop good behaviour but also strengthens the bond between pets and their people, fostering a relationship built on trust and mutual respect. By understanding and meeting a dog’s needs through compassionate training, we create well-adjusted, happy companions who thrive in our homes and society.
