What is a Luxating Patella?

A luxating patella occurs when the kneecap (patella) dislocates or moves out of its normal position in the groove of the femur (thigh bone). This can happen in one or both hind legs, and it can be a congenital condition (present at birth) or develop later in life due to injury or wear and tear. While it is more common in small breeds like Chihuahuas, Pomeranians, and Dachshunds, it can affect any dog.

 

Types of Luxating Patellas

There are four grades of luxating patellas, based on severity:

  1. Grade 1: The patella can be popped out during examination by a veterinarian but returns to its normal position on its own.
  2. Grade 2: The patella frequently dislocates but can be manually popped back into place.
  3. Grade 3: The patella is dislocated most of the time and cannot be manually repositioned easily.
  4. Grade 4: The patella is permanently out of place and cannot be repositioned manually. This is the most severe form.

 

Signs and Symptoms of Luxating Patellas

Owners may notice one or more of the following signs if their dog has a luxating patella:

  • Limping: Often intermittent and may affect one leg or both.
  • Skipping or “bunny hopping” when walking or running: The dog may appear to skip or hop as the affected knee gets temporarily stuck.
  • Pain or discomfort: Dogs may exhibit signs of pain when the patella moves out of place. This may result in the dog crying or limping after certain activities.

 

When to Seek Veterinary Help

If you notice any of the symptoms above, it’s important to book in for a consultation with us. Even if the symptoms are mild, early intervention can help prevent further complications.

 

Treatment Options for Luxating Patellas

Treatment depends on the severity of the condition, as well as your dog’s age, breed, and overall health. Here’s an overview of the available treatment options:

Conservative Management – used for Grade 1 and sometimes Grade 2

  • Weight management: Keeping your dog at a healthy weight reduces stress on the knees.
  • Joint supplements: Products containing green-lipped muscle, glucosamine and chondroitin may help support joint health. We also often use pentosan injections to help improve joint health
  • Physical therapy: Exercises or even physiotherapy/hyrdotherapy to strengthen the muscles around the knee joint can improve stability and reduce pain.
  • Anti-inflammatory medications: Your vet might prescribe pain relief or anti-inflammatory medications to ease discomfort.

 

Surgery  – typically for Grade 2 cases that show symptoms and always for Grade 3 and Grade 4

We expect that approximately 95% of cases treated surgically will get a really good, highly functional outcome. Surgery involves a combination of:

  • Trochleoplasty: The groove in the femur where the patella rests is deepened to keep the kneecap in place.
  • Tibial tuberosity transposition: The tendon attaching to the patella is repositioned to improve alignment.
  • Soft tissue repair: In some cases, ligaments or other tissues are repaired or strengthened to prevent the patella from slipping.

 

When is Surgery Necessary?

Surgery is typically recommended if:

  • The luxating patella is causing significant pain or discomfort.
  • The condition is progressively getting worse.
  • Conservative treatments (rest, medication, etc.) are not effective.
  • The luxation is severe (Grade 3 or Grade 4), and the dog has difficulty walking or using the leg.
  • The dog is otherwise healthy enough for surgery and rehabilitation.

Conclusion

A luxating patella doesn’t have to mean the end of an active lifestyle for your dog, but early detection and appropriate treatment are key to managing the condition. Always consult with your vet if you suspect something is wrong, and remember that surgery is not always the first option. With proper care, many dogs with luxating patellas can go on to live happy, active lives.